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Childrens bmr calculator11/9/2023 For adults, this equates to daily energy requirements. When this method is applied over a 24-hour period, it includes estimates of dietary-induced thermogenesis and the energy cost of tissue synthesis. The best method of assessing energy needs is the doubly-labelled water technique. Additional energy is also needed in pregnancy and lactation to cover the needs of the growing foetus, the placenta and expanding maternal tissues and additional maternal effort at rest and in physical activity, as well as the production of breast milk. This falls to 5% at 12 months, less than 2% in the second year of life, 1–2% until mid-adolescence and zero by 20 years of age ( FAO: WHO:UNU 2004). In the first three months of life, growth uses about 35% of total energy needs. Growth also requires energy for synthesis of tissues. The metabolic response to food increases the BMR by about 10% over the day in people eating a mixed diet. Humans perform a number of physical activities including the obligatory demands of an individual’s economic, social and cultural environment (eg occupational, schoolwork, housework etc) or discretionary activity (eg energy expended for optional exercise or sport, or in additional social or cultural interactions).Įnergy is also required to process food into nutrients resulting in increases in heat production and oxygen consumption often described by the terms 'dietary-induced thermogenesis', 'specific dynamic action of food' or 'thermic effect of feeding'. Physical activity is the most variable determinant of energy need and is the second largest user of energy after BMR. BMR represents about 45–70% of daily energy expenditure, depending on age, gender, body size and composition. The amount of energy needed for this purpose in a defined period of time is called the basal metabolic rate ( BMR). Humans need energy for basal metabolism which comprises a set of functions necessary for life such as cell metabolism, synthesis and metabolism of enzymes and hormones, transport of substances around the body, maintenance of body temperature and ongoing functioning of muscles including the heart, and brain function. The unit of energy is the kilojoule (kJ) or megajoule (1 MJ = 1,000 kJ)Ĥ.18 kilojoules are equal to 1 kilocalorie.Īllowing for intestinal absorption and for the nitrogenous parts of protein that cannot be completely oxidised, the average amount of energy released ranges from approximately 16.7 kJ/g for carbohydrates or protein to 29.3 kJ/g for alcohol and 37.7 kJ/g for fats ( FAO: WHO:UNU 2004). The main sources of energy are carbohydrates, proteins, fats and, to a lesser degree, alcohol. It is released from food components by oxidation. Energy is not a nutrient but is required in the body for metabolic processes, physiological functions, muscular activity, heat production, growth and synthesis of new tissues.
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